===========================
HashiCorp Vault Integration
===========================

HashiCorp `Vault`_ can be used as a secure key management service for
`Server-Side Encryption`_ (SSE-KMS).

.. ditaa::

           +---------+       +---------+        +-------+     +-------+
           |  Client |       | RadosGW |        | Vault |     |  OSD  |
           +---------+       +---------+        +-------+     +-------+
                | create secret   |                 |             |
                | key for key ID  |                 |             |
                |-----------------+---------------->|             |
                |                 |                 |             |
                | upload object   |                 |             |
                | with key ID     |                 |             |
                |---------------->| request secret  |             |
                |                 | key for key ID  |             |
                |                 |---------------->|             |
                |                 |<----------------|             |
                |                 | return secret   |             |
                |                 | key             |             |
                |                 |                 |             |
                |                 | encrypt object  |             |
                |                 | with secret key |             |
                |                 |--------------+  |             |
                |                 |              |  |             |
                |                 |<-------------+  |             |
                |                 |                 |             |
                |                 | store encrypted |             |
                |                 | object          |             |
                |                 |------------------------------>|

.. contents:: :depth: 2

Some examples below use the Vault command line utility to interact with
Vault. You may need to set the following environment variable with the correct
address of your Vault server to use this utility::

  export VAULT_ADDR='https://vault-server-fqdn:8200'

Vault Secrets Engines
=====================

Vault provides several secrets engines, which can store, generate, and encrypt
data. Currently, the Object Gateway supports:

- `KV secrets engine`_ version 2
- `Transit engine`_

KV Secrets Engine
-----------------

The KV secrets engine is used to store arbitrary key/value secrets in Vault. To
enable the KV engine version 2 in Vault, use the following command::

  vault secrets enable -path secret kv-v2

The Object Gateway can be configured to use the KV engine version 2 with the
following setting::

  rgw crypt vault secret engine = kv

Transit Secrets Engine
----------------------

The transit engine handles cryptographic functions on data in-transit. To enable
it in Vault, use the following command::

  vault secrets enable transit

The Object Gateway can be configured to use the transit engine with the
following setting::

  rgw crypt vault secret engine = transit

Vault Authentication
====================

Vault supports several authentication mechanisms. Currently, the Object
Gateway can be configured to authenticate to Vault using the
`Token authentication method`_ or a `Vault agent`_.

Most tokens in Vault have limited lifetimes and powers.  The only
sort of Vault token that does not have a lifetime are root tokens.
For all other tokens, it is necessary to periodically refresh them,
either by performing initial authentication, or by renewing the token.
Ceph does not have any logic to perform either operation.
The simplest best way to use Vault tokens with Ceph is to
also run the Vault agent and have it refresh the token file.
When the Vault agent is used in this mode, file system permissions
can be used to restrict who has the use of tokens.

Instead of having Vault agent refresh a token file, it can be told
to act as a proxy server.  In this mode, Vault will add a token when
necessary and add it to requests passed to it before forwarding them on
to the real server.  Vault agent will still handle token renewal just
as it would when storing a token in the filesystem.  In this mode, it
is necessary to properly secure the network path RGW uses to reach the
Vault agent, such as having the Vault agent listen only to localhost.

Token Policies for the Object Gateway
-------------------------------------

All Vault tokens have powers as specified by the polices attached
to that token.  Multiple policies may be associated with one
token.  You should only use the policies necessary for your
configuration.

When using the KV secret engine with the Object Gateway::

  vault policy write rgw-kv-policy -<<EOF
    path "secret/data/*" {
      capabilities = ["read"]
    }
  EOF

When using the transit secret engine with the Object Gateway::

  vault policy write rgw-transit-policy -<<EOF
    path "transit/keys/*" {
      capabilities = [ "create", "update" ]
      denied_parameters = {"exportable" = [], "allow_plaintext_backup" = [] }
    }

    path "transit/keys/*" {
      capabilities = ["read", "delete"]
    }

    path "transit/keys/" {
      capabilities = ["list"]
    }

    path "transit/keys/+/rotate" {
      capabilities = [ "update" ]
    }

    path "transit/*" {
      capabilities = [ "update" ]
    }
  EOF

If you had previously used an older version of Ceph with the
transit secret engine, you might need the following policy::

  vault policy write old-rgw-transit-policy -<<EOF
    path "transit/export/encryption-key/*" {
      capabilities = ["read"]
    }
  EOF

If you are using both SSE-KMS and SSE-S3, then you should point
each to separate containers.  You could either use separate
Vault instances, or you could use either separately mounted
transit instances, or different branches under a common transit
point.  If you are not using separate Vault instances, you can
use these to point SSE-KMS and SSE-S3 to separate containers:
``rgw_crypt_vault_prefix``
and/or
``rgw_crypt_sse_s3_vault_prefix``.
When granting Vault permissions to SSE-KMS bucket owners, you should
not give them permission to muck around with SSE-S3 keys;
only Ceph itself should be doing that.

Token Authentication
--------------------

.. note: Never use root tokens with Ceph in production environments.

The token authentication method expects a Vault token to be present in a
plaintext file. The Object Gateway can be configured to use token authentication
with the following settings::

  rgw crypt vault auth = token
  rgw crypt vault token file = /run/.rgw-vault-token
  rgw crypt vault addr = https://vault-server-fqdn:8200

Adjust these settings to match your configuration.
For security reasons, the token file must be readable by the Object Gateway
only.

Vault Agent
-----------

The Vault agent is a client daemon that provides authentication to Vault and
manages token renewal and caching. It typically runs on the same host as the
Object Gateway. With a Vault agent, it is possible to use other Vault
authentication mechanism such as AppRole, AWS, Certs, JWT, and Azure.

The Object Gateway can be configured to use a Vault agent with the following
settings::

  rgw crypt vault auth = agent
  rgw crypt vault addr = http://127.0.0.1:8100

You might set up Vault agent as follows::

  vault write auth/approle/role/rgw-ap \
    token_policies=rgw-transit-policy,default \
    token_max_ttl=60m

Change the policy here to match your configuration.

Get the role-id::

  vault read auth/approle/role/rgw-ap/role-id -format=json | \
    jq -r .data.role_id

Store the output in some file, such as ``/usr/local/etc/vault/.rgw-ap-role-id``.

Get the secret-id::

  vault read auth/approle/role/rgw-ap/role-id -format=json | \
    jq -r .data.role_id

Store the output in some file, such as ``/usr/local/etc/vault/.rgw-ap-secret-id``.

Create configuration for the Vault agent, such as::

  pid_file = "/run/rgw-vault-agent-pid"
  auto_auth {
    method "AppRole" {
      mount_path = "auth/approle"
      config = {
        role_id_file_path ="/usr/local/etc/vault/.rgw-ap-role-id"
        secret_id_file_path ="/usr/local/etc/vault/.rgw-ap-secret-id"
        remove_secret_id_file_after_reading ="false"
      }
    }
  }
  cache {
    use_auto_auth_token = true
  }
  listener "tcp" {
    address = "127.0.0.1:8100"
    tls_disable = true
  }
  vault {
    address = "https://vault-server-fqdn:8200"
  }

Then use systemctl or another method of your choice to run
a persistent daemon with the following arguments::

    /usr/local/bin/vault agent -config=/usr/local/etc/vault/rgw-agent.hcl

Once the Vault agent is running, you should find it listening
to port 8100 on localhost, and you should be able to interact
with it using the ``vault`` command.

Vault Namespaces
================

In the Enterprise version, Vault supports the concept of `namespaces`_, which
allows centralized management for teams within an organization while ensuring
that those teams operate within isolated environments known as tenants.

The Object Gateway can be configured to access Vault within a particular
namespace using the following configuration setting::

  rgw crypt vault namespace = tenant1

Create a Key in Vault
=====================

.. note:: Keys for server-side encryption must be 256-bit long and base-64
   encoded.

Using the KV Engine
-------------------

A key for server-side encryption can be created in the KV version 2 engine using
the command line utility, as in the following example::

  vault kv put secret/myproject/mybucketkey key=$(openssl rand -base64 32)

Sample output::

  ====== Metadata ======
  Key              Value
  ---              -----
  created_time     2019-08-29T17:01:09.095824999Z
  deletion_time    n/a
  destroyed        false
  version          1

Note that in the KV secrets engine, secrets are stored as key-value pairs, and
the Object Gateway expects the key name to be ``key``, i.e. the secret must be in the
form ``key=<secret key>``.

Using the Transit Engine
------------------------

Keys created for use with the transit engine should no longer be marked
exportable.  They can be created with::

  vault write -f transit/keys/mybucketkey

The command above creates a keyring, which contains a key of type
``aes256-gcm96`` by default. To verify that the key was correctly created, use
the following command::

  vault read transit/keys/mybucketkey

Sample output::

  Key     Value
  ---     -----
  derived                   false
  exportable                false
  name                      mybucketkey
  type                      aes256-gcm96

Configure the Ceph Object Gateway
=================================

Edit the Ceph configuration file to enable Vault as a KMS backend for
server-side encryption::

  rgw crypt s3 kms backend = vault

Choose the Vault authentication method, e.g.::

  rgw crypt vault auth = token
  rgw crypt vault token file = /run/.rgw-vault-token
  rgw crypt vault addr = https://vault-server-fqdn:8200

Or::

  rgw crypt vault auth = agent
  rgw crypt vault addr = http://localhost:8100

Choose the secrets engine::

  rgw crypt vault secret engine = kv

Or::

  rgw crypt vault secret engine = transit

Optionally, set the Vault namespace where encryption keys will be fetched from::

  rgw crypt vault namespace = tenant1

Finally, the URLs where the Object Gateway will retrieve encryption keys from Vault can
be restricted by setting a path prefix. For instance, the Object Gateway can be
restricted to fetch KV keys as follows::

  rgw crypt vault prefix = /v1/secret/data

Or, when using the transit secret engine::

  rgw crypt vault prefix = /v1/transit

In the example above, the Object Gateway would only fetch transit encryption keys under
``https://vault-server:8200/v1/transit``.

You can use custom SSL certificates to authenticate with Vault with help of
following options::

  rgw crypt vault verify ssl = true
  rgw crypt vault ssl cacert = /etc/ceph/vault.ca
  rgw crypt vault ssl clientcert = /etc/ceph/vault.crt
  rgw crypt vault ssl clientkey = /etc/ceph/vault.key

where ``vault.ca`` is CA certificate and ``vault.key``/``vault.crt`` are private key and SSL
certificate generated for RGW to access the Vault server. It is highly recommended to
set this option to the value ``true``, setting ``false`` is very dangerous and needs to be avoided since this
runs in very secured environments.

Transit Engine Compatibility Support
------------------------------------
The transit engine has compatibility support for previous
versions of Ceph, which used the transit engine as a simple key store.

There is a ``compat`` option which can be given to the transit
engine to configure the compatibility support,

To entirely disable backwards support, use::

  rgw crypt vault secret engine = transit compat=0

This will be the default in future versions. and is safe to use
for new installs using the current version.

This is the normal default with the current version::

  rgw crypt vault secret engine = transit compat=1

This enables the new engine for newly created objects,
but still allows the old engine to be used for old objects.
In order to access old and new objects, the Vault token given
to Ceph must have both the old and new transit policies.

To force use of only the old engine, use::

  rgw crypt vault secret engine = transit compat=2

This mode is automatically selected if the Vault prefix
ends in ``export/encryption-key``, which was the previously
documented setting.

Upload Object
=============

When uploading an object to the Object Gateway, provide the SSE key ID in the request.
As an example, for the KV engine, using the AWS command-line client::

  aws --endpoint=http://radosgw:8000 s3 cp plaintext.txt s3://mybucket/encrypted.txt --sse=aws:kms --sse-kms-key-id myproject/mybucketkey
  
As an example, for the transit engine (new flavor), using the AWS command-line client::

  aws --endpoint=http://radosgw:8000 s3 cp plaintext.txt s3://mybucket/encrypted.txt --sse=aws:kms --sse-kms-key-id mybucketkey

The Object Gateway will fetch the key from Vault, encrypt the object and store
it in the bucket. Any request to download the object will make the Object Gateway
automatically retrieve the correspondent key from Vault and decrypt the object.

Note that the secret will be fetched from Vault using a URL constructed by
concatenating the base address (``rgw crypt vault addr``), the (optional)
URL prefix (``rgw crypt vault prefix``), and finally the key ID. 

In the KV engine example above, the Object Gateway would fetch the secret from::

  http://vaultserver:8200/v1/secret/data/myproject/mybucketkey

In the transit engine example above, the Object Gateway would encrypt the secret using this key::

  http://vaultserver:8200/v1/transit/mybucketkey

.. _Server-Side Encryption: ../encryption
.. _Vault: https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/
.. _Token authentication method: https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/auth/token.html
.. _Vault agent: https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/agent/index.html
.. _KV Secrets engine: https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/secrets/kv/
.. _Transit engine: https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/secrets/transit
.. _namespaces: https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/enterprise/namespaces/index.html
