posix_fadvise(2)

NAME
posix_fadvise - predeclare an access pattern for file data

LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
#include <fcntl.h>

int posix_fadvise(int fd, off_t offset, off_t size, int advice);

    Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

posix_fadvise():
    _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L

DESCRIPTION
Programs can use posix_fadvise() to announce an intention to access file data in a specific pattern in the future, thus allowing the kernel to perform appropriate optimizations.

The advice applies to a (not necessarily existent) region starting at offset and extending for size bytes (or until the end of the file if size is 0) within the file referred to by fd. The advice is not binding; it merely constitutes an expectation on behalf of the application.

Permissible values for advice include:

POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
    Indicates that the application has no advice to give about its access pattern for the specified data. If no advice is given for an open file, this is the default assumption.

POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
    The application expects to access the specified data sequentially (with lower offsets read before higher ones).

POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
    The specified data will be accessed in random order.

POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
    The specified data will be accessed only once.

    Before Linux 2.6.18, POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE had the same semantics as POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED. This was probably a bug; from Linux 2.6.18 until Linux 6.2 this flag was a no-op. Since Linux 6.3, POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE signals that the kernel page replacement algorithm can ignore access to mapped page cache marked by this flag. This is useful, for example, while streaming large files.

POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
    The specified data will be accessed in the near future.

    POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED initiates a nonblocking read of the specified region into the page cache. The amount of data read may be decreased by the kernel depending on virtual memory load. (A few megabytes will usually be fully satisfied, and more is rarely useful.)

POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
    The specified data will not be accessed in the near future.

    POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED attempts to free cached pages associated with the specified region. This is useful, for example, while streaming large files. A program may periodically request the kernel to free cached data that has already been used, so that more useful cached pages are not discarded instead.

    Requests to discard partial pages are ignored. It is preferable to preserve needed data than discard unneeded data. If the application requires that data be considered for discarding, then offset and size must be page-aligned.

    The implementation may attempt to write back dirty pages in the specified region, but this is not guaranteed. Any unwritten dirty pages will not be freed. If the application wishes to ensure that dirty pages will be released, it should call fsync(2) or fdatasync(2) first.

RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, an error number is returned.

ERRORS

EBADF
    The fd argument was not a valid file descriptor.

EINVAL
    An invalid value was specified for advice.

ESPIPE
    The specified file descriptor refers to a pipe or FIFO. (ESPIPE is the error specified by POSIX, but before Linux 2.6.16, Linux returned EINVAL in this case.)

VERSIONS
Under Linux, POSIX_FADV_NORMAL sets the readahead window to the default size for the backing device; POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL doubles this size, and POSIX_FADV_RANDOM disables file readahead entirely. POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE does not modify the readahead window size. These changes affect the entire file, not just the specified region (but other open file handles to the same file are unaffected).

  C library/kernel differences
The name of the wrapper function in the C library is posix_fadvise(). The underlying system call is called fadvise64() (or, on some architectures, fadvise64_64()); the difference between the two is that the former system call assumes that the type of the size argument is size_t, while the latter expects loff_t there.

  Architecture-specific variants
Some architectures require 64-bit arguments to be aligned in a suitable pair of registers (see syscall(2) for further detail). On such architectures, the call signature of posix_fadvise() shown in the SYNOPSIS would force a register to be wasted as padding between the fd and offset arguments. Therefore, these architectures define a version of the system call that orders the arguments suitably, but is otherwise exactly the same as posix_fadvise().

For example, since Linux 2.6.14, ARM has the following system call:

    long arm_fadvise64_64(int fd, int advice,
                          loff_t offset, loff_t size);

These architecture-specific details are generally hidden from applications by the glibc posix_fadvise() wrapper function, which invokes the appropriate architecture-specific system call.

STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2024.

HISTORY
POSIX.1-2001.

Kernel support first appeared in Linux 2.5.60; the underlying system call is called fadvise64(). Library support has been provided since glibc 2.2, via the wrapper function posix_fadvise().

Since Linux 3.18, support for the underlying system call is optional, depending on the setting of the CONFIG_ADVISE_SYSCALLS configuration option.

The type of the size argument was changed from size_t to off_t in POSIX.1-2001 TC1.

NOTES
The contents of the kernel buffer cache can be cleared via the /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches interface described in proc(5).

One can obtain a snapshot of which pages of a file are resident in the buffer cache by opening a file, mapping it with mmap(2), and then applying mincore(2) to the mapping.

BUGS
Before Linux 2.6.6, if size was specified as 0, then this was interpreted literally as "zero bytes", rather than as meaning "all bytes through to the end of the file".

SEE ALSO
fincore(1), mincore(2), readahead(2), sync_file_range(2), posix_fallocate(3), posix_madvise(3)