CARGO-TREE(1)

NAME
       cargo-tree — Display a tree visualization of a dependency graph

SYNOPSIS
       cargo tree [options]

DESCRIPTION
       This command will display a tree of dependencies to the terminal. An
       example of a simple project that depends on the “rand” package:

           myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
           └── rand v0.7.3
               ├── getrandom v0.1.14
               │   ├── cfg-if v0.1.10
               │   └── libc v0.2.68
               ├── libc v0.2.68 (*)
               ├── rand_chacha v0.2.2
               │   ├── ppv-lite86 v0.2.6
               │   └── rand_core v0.5.1
               │       └── getrandom v0.1.14 (*)
               └── rand_core v0.5.1 (*)
           [build-dependencies]
           └── cc v1.0.50

       Packages marked with (*) have been “de-duplicated”. The dependencies
       for the package have already been shown elsewhere in the graph, and so
       are not repeated. Use the --no-dedupe option to repeat the duplicates.

       The -e flag can be used to select the dependency kinds to display. The
       “features” kind changes the output to display the features enabled
       by each dependency. For example, cargo tree -e features:

           myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
           └── log feature "serde"
               └── log v0.4.8
                   ├── serde v1.0.106
                   └── cfg-if feature "default"
                       └── cfg-if v0.1.10

       In this tree, myproject depends on log with the serde feature. log in
       turn depends on cfg-if with “default” features. When using -e
       features it can be helpful to use -i flag to show how the features flow
       into a package. See the examples below for more detail.

   Feature Unification
       This command shows a graph much closer to a feature-unified graph Cargo
       will build, rather than what you list in Cargo.toml. For instance, if
       you specify the same dependency in both [dependencies] and
       [dev-dependencies] but with different features on. This command may
       merge all features and show a (*) on one of the dependency to indicate
       the duplicate.

       As a result, for a mostly equivalent overview of what cargo build does,
       cargo tree -e normal,build is pretty close; for a mostly equivalent
       overview of what cargo test does, cargo tree is pretty close. However,
       it doesn’t guarantee the exact equivalence to what Cargo is going to
       build, since a compilation is complex and depends on lots of different
       factors.

       To learn more about feature unification, check out this dedicated
       section
       <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html#feature-unification>.

OPTIONS
   Tree Options
       -i spec, --invert spec
           Show the reverse dependencies for the given package. This flag will
           invert the tree and display the packages that depend on the given
           package.

           Note that in a workspace, by default it will only display the
           package’s reverse dependencies inside the tree of the workspace
           member in the current directory. The --workspace flag can be used to
           extend it so that it will show the package’s reverse dependencies
           across the entire workspace. The -p flag can be used to display the
           package’s reverse dependencies only with the subtree of the
           package given to -p.

       --prune spec
           Prune the given package from the display of the dependency tree.

       --depth depth
           Maximum display depth of the dependency tree. A depth of 1 displays
           the direct dependencies, for example.

           If the given value is workspace, only shows the dependencies that
           are member of the current workspace, instead.

       --no-dedupe
           Do not de-duplicate repeated dependencies. Usually, when a package
           has already displayed its dependencies, further occurrences will not
           re-display its dependencies, and will include a (*) to indicate it
           has already been shown. This flag will cause those duplicates to be
           repeated.

       -d, --duplicates
           Show only dependencies which come in multiple versions (implies
           --invert). When used with the -p flag, only shows duplicates within
           the subtree of the given package.

           It can be beneficial for build times and executable sizes to avoid
           building that same package multiple times. This flag can help
           identify the offending packages. You can then investigate if the
           package that depends on the duplicate with the older version can be
           updated to the newer version so that only one instance is built.

       -e kinds, --edges kinds
           The dependency kinds to display. Takes a comma separated list of
           values:

           o  all — Show all edge kinds.

           o  normal — Show normal dependencies.

           o  build — Show build dependencies.

           o  dev — Show development dependencies.

           o  features — Show features enabled by each dependency. If this is
              the only kind given, then it will automatically include the other
              dependency kinds.

           o  no-normal — Do not include normal dependencies.

           o  no-build — Do not include build dependencies.

           o  no-dev — Do not include development dependencies.

           o  no-proc-macro — Do not include procedural macro dependencies.

           The normal, build, dev, and all dependency kinds cannot be mixed
           with no-normal, no-build, or no-dev dependency kinds.

           The default is normal,build,dev.

       --target triple
           Filter dependencies matching the given target triple
           <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/appendix/glossary.html#target>. The
           default is the host platform. Use the value all to include all
           targets.

   Tree Formatting Options
       --charset charset
           Chooses the character set to use for the tree. Valid values are
           “utf8” or “ascii”. When unspecified, cargo will auto-select
           a value.

       -f format, --format format
           Set the format string for each package. The default is “{p}”.

           This is an arbitrary string which will be used to display each
           package. The following strings will be replaced with the
           corresponding value:

           o  {p}, {package} — The package name.

           o  {l}, {license} — The package license.

           o  {r}, {repository} — The package repository URL.

           o  {f}, {features} — Comma-separated list of package features that
              are enabled.

           o  {lib} — The name, as used in a use statement, of the
              package’s library.

       --prefix prefix
           Sets how each line is displayed. The prefix value can be one of:

           o  indent (default) — Shows each line indented as a tree.

           o  depth — Show as a list, with the numeric depth printed before
              each entry.

           o  none — Show as a flat list.

   Package Selection
       By default, when no package selection options are given, the packages
       selected depend on the selected manifest file (based on the current
       working directory if --manifest-path is not given). If the manifest is
       the root of a workspace then the workspaces default members are
       selected, otherwise only the package defined by the manifest will be
       selected.

       The default members of a workspace can be set explicitly with the
       workspace.default-members key in the root manifest. If this is not set,
       a virtual workspace will include all workspace members (equivalent to
       passing --workspace), and a non-virtual workspace will include only the
       root crate itself.

       -p spec…, --package spec…
           Display only the specified packages. See cargo-pkgid(1) for the SPEC
           format. This flag may be specified multiple times and supports
           common Unix glob patterns like *, ? and []. However, to avoid your
           shell accidentally expanding glob patterns before Cargo handles
           them, you must use single quotes or double quotes around each
           pattern.

       --workspace
           Display all members in the workspace.

       --exclude SPEC…
           Exclude the specified packages. Must be used in conjunction with the
           --workspace flag. This flag may be specified multiple times and
           supports common Unix glob patterns like *, ? and []. However, to
           avoid your shell accidentally expanding glob patterns before Cargo
           handles them, you must use single quotes or double quotes around
           each pattern.

   Manifest Options
       --manifest-path path
           Path to the Cargo.toml file. By default, Cargo searches for the
           Cargo.toml file in the current directory or any parent directory.

       --locked
           Asserts that the exact same dependencies and versions are used as
           when the existing Cargo.lock file was originally generated. Cargo
           will exit with an error when either of the following scenarios
           arises:

           o  The lock file is missing.

           o  Cargo attempted to change the lock file due to a different
              dependency resolution.

           It may be used in environments where deterministic builds are
           desired, such as in CI pipelines.

       --offline
           Prevents Cargo from accessing the network for any reason. Without
           this flag, Cargo will stop with an error if it needs to access the
           network and the network is not available. With this flag, Cargo will
           attempt to proceed without the network if possible.

           Beware that this may result in different dependency resolution than
           online mode. Cargo will restrict itself to crates that are
           downloaded locally, even if there might be a newer version as
           indicated in the local copy of the index. See the cargo-fetch(1)
           command to download dependencies before going offline.

           May also be specified with the net.offline config value
           <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.

       --frozen
           Equivalent to specifying both --locked and --offline.

   Feature Selection
       The feature flags allow you to control which features are enabled. When
       no feature options are given, the default feature is activated for every
       selected package.

       See the features documentation
       <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html#command-line-feature-options>
       for more details.

       -F features, --features features
           Space or comma separated list of features to activate. Features of
           workspace members may be enabled with package-name/feature-name
           syntax. This flag may be specified multiple times, which enables all
           specified features.

       --all-features
           Activate all available features of all selected packages.

       --no-default-features
           Do not activate the default feature of the selected packages.

   Display Options
       -v, --verbose
           Use verbose output. May be specified twice for “very verbose”
           output which includes extra output such as dependency warnings and
           build script output. May also be specified with the term.verbose
           config value
           <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.

       -q, --quiet
           Do not print cargo log messages. May also be specified with the
           term.quiet config value
           <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.

       --color when
           Control when colored output is used. Valid values:

           o  auto (default): Automatically detect if color support is
              available on the terminal.

           o  always: Always display colors.

           o  never: Never display colors.

           May also be specified with the term.color config value
           <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.

   Common Options
       +toolchain
           If Cargo has been installed with rustup, and the first argument to
           cargo begins with +, it will be interpreted as a rustup toolchain
           name (such as +stable or +nightly). See the rustup documentation
           <https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/overrides.html> for more
           information about how toolchain overrides work.

       --config KEY=VALUE or PATH
           Overrides a Cargo configuration value. The argument should be in
           TOML syntax of KEY=VALUE, or provided as a path to an extra
           configuration file. This flag may be specified multiple times. See
           the command-line overrides section
           <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html#command-line-overrides>
           for more information.

       -C PATH
           Changes the current working directory before executing any specified
           operations. This affects things like where cargo looks by default
           for the project manifest (Cargo.toml), as well as the directories
           searched for discovering .cargo/config.toml, for example. This
           option must appear before the command name, for example cargo -C
           path/to/my-project build.

           This option is only available on the nightly channel
           <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.html> and
           requires the -Z unstable-options flag to enable (see #10098
           <https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/10098>).

       -h, --help
           Prints help information.

       -Z flag
           Unstable (nightly-only) flags to Cargo. Run cargo -Z help for
           details.

ENVIRONMENT
       See the reference
       <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html>
       for details on environment variables that Cargo reads.

EXIT STATUS
       o  0: Cargo succeeded.

       o  101: Cargo failed to complete.

EXAMPLES
       1. Display the tree for the package in the current directory:

              cargo tree

       2. Display all the packages that depend on the syn package:

              cargo tree -i syn

       3. Show the features enabled on each package:

              cargo tree --format "{p} {f}"

       4. Show all packages that are built multiple times. This can happen if
          multiple semver-incompatible versions appear in the tree (like 1.0.0
          and 2.0.0).

              cargo tree -d

       5. Explain why features are enabled for the syn package:

              cargo tree -e features -i syn

          The -e features flag is used to show features. The -i flag is used to
          invert the graph so that it displays the packages that depend on syn.
          An example of what this would display:

              syn v1.0.17
              ├── syn feature "clone-impls"
              │   └── syn feature "default"
              │       └── rustversion v1.0.2
              │           └── rustversion feature "default"
              │               └── myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
              │                   └── myproject feature "default" (command-line)
              ├── syn feature "default" (*)
              ├── syn feature "derive"
              │   └── syn feature "default" (*)
              ├── syn feature "full"
              │   └── rustversion v1.0.2 (*)
              ├── syn feature "parsing"
              │   └── syn feature "default" (*)
              ├── syn feature "printing"
              │   └── syn feature "default" (*)
              ├── syn feature "proc-macro"
              │   └── syn feature "default" (*)
              └── syn feature "quote"
                  ├── syn feature "printing" (*)
                  └── syn feature "proc-macro" (*)

          To read this graph, you can follow the chain for each feature from
          the root to see why it is included. For example, the “full”
          feature is added by the rustversion crate which is included from
          myproject (with the default features), and myproject is the package
          selected on the command-line. All of the other syn features are added
          by the “default” feature (“quote” is added by “printing”
          and “proc-macro”, both of which are default features).

          If you’re having difficulty cross-referencing the de-duplicated (*)
          entries, try with the --no-dedupe flag to get the full output.

SEE ALSO
       cargo(1), cargo-metadata(1)

